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CWE-84

Improper Neutralization of Encoded URI Schemes in a Web Page

VariantDraftSimple23 CVEs
The web application improperly neutralizes user-controlled input for executable script disguised with URI encodings.

Common consequences1

  • IntegrityUnexpected State

Potential mitigations5

  1. Implementation

    Resolve all URIs to absolute or canonical representations before processing.

  2. Implementation

    Carefully check each input parameter against a rigorous positive specification (allowlist) defining the specific characters and format allowed. All input should be neutralized, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including tag attributes, hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. We often encounter data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.

  3. Implementation

    Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component. The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.

  4. Implementation

    With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

  5. ImplementationDefense in Depth

    To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Relationships1

CVEs referencing this CWE23

CVEDescriptionSeverityEPSSFlagsModified
CVE-2026-96654

Plex Media Server before 1.43.3.10861 does not correctly neutralize URL values included in 'searchOne,' allowing an attacker to call other plugins' functions and supply their own parameters.

MEDIUM6.5
1.95%p80
KEV
2026-10-21
CVE-2022-40181

A vulnerability has been identified in Desigo PXM30-1 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), Desigo PXM30.E (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), Desigo PXM40-1 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), Desigo PXM40.E (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), Desigo PXM50-1 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), Desigo PXM50.E (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), PXG3.W100-1 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-37), PXG3.W100-2 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41), PXG3.W200-1 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-37), PXG3.W200-2 (All versions < V02.20.126.11-41). The device embedded browser does not prevent interaction with alternative URI schemes when redirected to corresponding resources by web application code. By setting the homepage URI, the favorite URIs, or redirecting embedded browser users via JavaScript code to alternative scheme resources, a remote low privileged attacker can perform a range of attacks against the device, such as read arbitrary files on the filesystem, execute arbitrary JavaScript code in order to steal or manipulate the information on the screen, or trigger denial of service conditions.

HIGH8.3
1.01%p63
2026-06-17
CVE-2020-7011

Elastic App Search versions before 7.7.0 contain a cross site scripting (XSS) flaw when displaying document URLs in the Reference UI. If the Reference UI injects a URL into a result, that URL will be rendered by the web browser. If an attacker is able to control the contents of such a field, they could execute arbitrary JavaScript in the victim�s web browser.

MEDIUM6.1
1.01%p63
2026-06-17
CVE-2021-3824

OpenVPN Access Server 2.9.0 through 2.9.4 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the web login page URL.

MEDIUM6.1
0.75%p55
2026-06-17
CVE-2026-25141

Orval generates type-safe JS clients (TypeScript) from any valid OpenAPI v3 or Swagger v2 specification. Versions starting with 7.19.0 and prior to 7.21.0 and 8.2.0 have an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-23947. While the jsStringEscape function properly handles single quotes ('), double quotes (") and so on, it is still possible to achieve code injection using only a limited set of characters that are currently not escaped. The vulnerability lies in the fact that the application can be forced to execute arbitrary JavaScript using characters such as []()!+. By using a technique known as JSFuck, an attacker can bypass the current sanitization logic and run arbitrary code without needing any alphanumeric characters or quotes. Version 7.21.0 and 8.2.0 contain an updated fix.

CRITICAL9.8
0.69%p53
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-58444

The MCP inspector is a developer tool for testing and debugging MCP servers. A cross-site scripting issue was reported in versions of the MCP Inspector local development tool prior to 0.16.6 when connecting to untrusted remote MCP servers with a malicious redirect URI. This could be leveraged to interact directly with the inspector proxy to trigger arbitrary command execution. Users are advised to update to 0.16.6 to resolve this issue.

NONE
0.67%p52
2026-06-17
CVE-2026-88859

A flaw was found in Evolution. A remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted HTML email containing a spoofed vCard control. When a victim clicks on this control, Evolution's trusted JavaScript handler incorrectly assigns an attacker-controlled JavaScript URL to an iframe's source. This action leads to arbitrary JavaScript execution within the mail-viewing context, effectively bypassing the security measures designed to prevent script execution in email content.

MEDIUM6.3
0.53%p45
2026-09-10
CVE-2023-25571

Backstage is an open platform for building developer portals. `@backstage/catalog-model` prior to version 1.2.0, `@backstage/core-components` prior to 0.12.4, and `@backstage/plugin-catalog-backend` prior to 1.7.2 are affected by a cross-site scripting vulnerability. This vulnerability allows a malicious actor with access to add or modify content in an instance of the Backstage software catalog to inject script URLs in the entities stored in the catalog. If users of the catalog then click on said URLs, that can lead to an XSS attack. This vulnerability has been patched in both the frontend and backend implementations. The default `Link` component from `@backstage/core-components` version 1.2.0 and greater will now reject `javascript:` URLs, and there is a global override of `window.open` to do the same. In addition, the catalog model v0.12.4 and greater as well as the catalog backend v1.7.2 and greater now has additional validation built in that prevents `javascript:` URLs in known annotations. As a workaround, the general practice of limiting access to modifying catalog content and requiring code reviews greatly help mitigate this vulnerability.

MEDIUM5.4
0.45%p39
2026-06-17
CVE-2023-30959

In Apollo change requests, comments added by users could contain a javascript URI link that when rendered will result in an XSS that require user interaction.

MEDIUM5.4
0.36%p30
2026-06-17
CVE-2026-67338

JupyterLab before 4.5.9 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the Extension Manager that fails to validate URI protocols in package metadata URLs. Attackers can publish malicious PyPI packages with javascript: URLs in project metadata that execute arbitrary JavaScript in the JupyterLab origin when users click the extension name.

MEDIUM6.1
0.31%p23
2026-10-08
CVE-2025-30203

Tuleap is an Open Source Suite to improve management of software developments and collaboration. Tuleap allows cross-site scripting (XSS) via the content of RSS feeds in the RSS widgets. A project administrator or someone with control over an used RSS feed could use this vulnerability to force victims to execute uncontrolled code. This vulnerability is fixed in Tuleap Community Edition 16.5.99.1742562878 and Tuleap Enterprise Edition 16.5-5 and 16.4-8.

MEDIUM4.8
0.31%p24
2026-06-17
CVE-2026-54443

Dashy is a self-hostable personal dashboard. From 1.9.4 until 3.2.0, the Dashy RSS Widget in src/components/Widgets/RssFeed.vue does not sanitize RSS item link values before rendering feed item titles and Read More links as anchor href attributes, allowing an attacker-controlled feed to provide a javascript: URI that executes when clicked in the Dashy origin. This issue is fixed in version 3.2.0.

NONE
0.29%p22
2026-10-24
CVE-2024-45045

Collabora Online is a collaborative online office suite based on LibreOffice technology. In the mobile (Android/iOS) device variants of Collabora Online it was possible to inject JavaScript via url encoded values in links contained in documents. Since the Android JavaScript interface allows access to internal functions, the likelihood that the app could be compromised via this vulnerability is considered high. Non-mobile variants are not affected. Mobile variants should update to the latest version provided by the platform appstore. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.

MEDIUM6.1
0.29%p21
2026-06-17
CVE-2024-52890

IBM Engineering Lifecycle Optimization - Publishing 7.0.2 and 7.03 could be susceptible to cross-site scripting due to no validation of URIs.

MEDIUM6.1
0.20%p10
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25334

An issue in Suning Commerce Group Suning EMall iOS 9.5.198 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25324

An issue in Shandong Provincial Big Data Center AiShanDong iOS 5.0.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25323

An issue in Qianjin Network Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd 51Job iOS 14.22.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25326

An issue in Merchants Union Consumer Finance Company Limited Merchants Union Finance iOS 6.19.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25325

An issue in Yibin Fengguan Network Technology Co., Ltd YuPao DirectHire iOS 8.8.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25329

An issue in Tencent Technology (Beijing) Company Limited Tencent MicroVision iOS 8.137.0 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25330

An issue in Boohee Technology Boohee Health iOS 13.0.13 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2025-25331

An issue in Beitatong Technology LianJia iOS 9.83.50 allows attackers to access sensitive user information via supplying a crafted link.

MEDIUM5.5
0.19%p8
2026-06-17
CVE-2024-42184

BigFix Patch Download Plug-ins are affected by insecure support for file URI scheme. It could allow a malicious operator to attempt to download files using the file:// URI scheme.

LOW2.5
0.14%p4
2026-06-17