CWE-340

In ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus, RecoveryManager Plus, M365 Manager Plus, and ADAudit Plus, the SSO tickets generated to authenticate that session could be predicted by an unauthenticated user, leading to account takeover.

SIF is an open source implementation of the Singularity Container Image Format. The `siftool new` command and func siftool.New() produce predictable UUID identifiers due to insecure randomness in the version of the `github.com/satori/go.uuid` module used as a dependency. A patch is available in version >= v1.2.3 of the module. Users are encouraged to upgrade. As a workaround, users passing CreateInfo struct should ensure the `ID` field is generated using a version of `github.com/satori/go.uuid` that is not vulnerable to this issue.

The devices are vulnerable to session hijacking due to insufficient entropy in its session ID generation algorithm. The session IDs are predictable, with only 32,768 possible values per user, which allows attackers to pre-generate valid session IDs, leading to unauthorized access to user sessions. This is not only due to the use of an (insecure) rand() function call but also because of missing initialization via srand(). As a result only the PIDs are effectively used as seed.

RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In versions prior to 0.22.0, the use of an insecure key generation algorithm in the API key and beta (assistant/agent share auth) token generation process allows these tokens to be mutually derivable. Specifically, both tokens are generated using the same `URLSafeTimedSerializer` with predictable inputs, enabling an unauthorized user who obtains the shared assistant/agent URL to derive the personal API key. This grants them full control over the assistant/agent owner's account. Version 0.22.0 fixes the issue.

Generation of predictable identifiers issue exists in Cente middleware TCP/IP Network Series. If this vulnerability is exploited, a remote unauthenticated attacker may interfere communications by predicting some packet header IDs of the device.

Media ContentProvider URIs used for opening attachments in other apps were generated sequentially prior to WhatsApp for Android v2.20.185, which could have allowed a malicious third party app chosen to open the file to guess the URIs for previously opened attachments until the opener app is terminated.

Apache::Session::Generate::MD5 versions through 1.94 for Perl create insecure session id. Apache::Session::Generate::MD5 generates session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a MD5 hash seeded with the built-in rand() function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems. Note that the libapache-session-perl package in some Debian-based Linux distributions may be patched to use Crypt::URandom.

Concrete CMS Community Store before 2.7.8 derives digital product download tokens from order creation timestamps instead of random values, making tokens predictable. Unauthenticated attackers can enumerate sequential order and file identifiers to calculate valid download tokens and retrieve digital goods purchased by other customers.

Dancer2 versions before 2.2.0 for Perl generate insecure session ids when required CSPRNG modules are unavailable. Dancer2::Core::Role::SessionFactory::generate_id silently falls back to a built-in rand-derived session id unless both Math::Random::ISAAC::XS and Crypt::URandom are available. The fallback session id is generated from a SHA-1 hash of a call to the built-in rand function, the absolute path of the Dancer2::Core::Role::SessionFactory module, an internal counter, the process id, the module instance memory address, and a shuffled string of characters (using the List::Util::shuffle function, which also uses the built-in rand function). These are all low-entropy and easily guessed sources. The built-in rand() function is seeded with 32-bits and considered unsuitable for security applications. Predictable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

HTTP::Session versions before 0.54 for Perl defaults to using insecurely generated session ids. HTTP::Session defaults to using HTTP::Session::ID::SHA1 to generate session ids using a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the high resolution epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. The distribution includes HTTP::session::ID::MD5 which contains a similar flaw, but uses the MD5 hash instead.

Amon2 versions before 6.17 for Perl use an insecure random_string implementation for security functions. In versions 6.06 through 6.16, the random_string function will attempt to read bytes from the /dev/urandom device, but if that is unavailable then it generates bytes by concatenating a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand() function, the PID, and the high resolution epoch time. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Before version 6.06, there was no fallback when /dev/urandom was not available. Before version 6.04, the random_string function used the built-in rand() function to generate a mixed-case alphanumeric string. This function may be used for generating session ids, generating secrets for signing or encrypting cookie session data and generating tokens used for Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) protection.

Mojolicious::Plugin::Web::Auth::OAuth2 versions through 0.17 for Perl have an insecure default state parameter. When no state generator is specified in the constructor, the module defaults to using a SHA-1 hash of predictable and low-entropy sources, including the epoch time (which is leaked via the HTTP Date header) and a call to Perl's built-in rand function. A predictable state allows an attacker to hijack another user's session through cross site request forgery (CSRF).

curl's WebSocket code did not update the 32-bit mask pattern for each new outgoing frame as the specification says. Instead it used a fixed mask that persisted and was used throughout the entire connection. A predictable mask pattern allows for a malicious server to induce traffic between the two communicating parties that could be interpreted by an involved proxy (configured or transparent) as genuine, real, HTTP traffic with content and thereby poison its cache. That cached poisoned content could then be served to all users of that proxy.

macro-pdfviewer is a PDF Viewer Macro for XWiki using Mozilla pdf.js. Any user with view right on XWiki.PDFViewerService can access any attachment stored in the wiki as the "key" that is passed to prevent this is computed incorrectly, calling skip on the digest stream doesn't update the digest. This is fixed in 2.5.6.

CGI::Session::ID::md5 versions before 4.49 for Perl generate predictable session ids from low-entropy sources. The generate_id method builds the session id from a MD5 digest of the process id, the epoch time, and the built-in rand() function. All three are predictable, low-entropy sources: the PID is drawn from a small range, the epoch time can be guessed or read from the HTTP Date header, and Perl's rand() is unsuitable for security purposes because it is predictable and reversible. An attacker who predicts a session id can impersonate the corresponding session and bypass authentication.

Predictable bucket naming in Vertex AI Experiments in Google Cloud Vertex AI from version 1.21.0 up to (but not including) 1.133.0 on Google Cloud Platform allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to achieve cross-tenant remote code execution, model theft, and poisoning via pre-creating predictably named Cloud Storage buckets (Bucket Squatting). This vulnerability was patched and no customer action is needed.

JUJU_CONTEXT_ID is a predictable authentication secret. On a Juju machine (non-Kubernetes) or Juju charm container (on Kubernetes), an unprivileged user in the same network namespace can connect to an abstract domain socket and guess the JUJU_CONTEXT_ID value. This gives the unprivileged user access to the same information and tools as the Juju charm.

The application generates uploaded file names using a weak and predictable method based on the request timestamp. This allows a remote attacker to accurately guess or brute-force the generated filename within a short time window. An attacker can successfully locate and access uploaded files, which can be used to facilitate further attacks. Apply patch from vendor https://vsdesk.ru/ . Versions 14.0101 and on have the patch.

Concierge::Sessions versions from 0.8.1 before 0.8.5 for Perl generate insecure session ids. The generate_session_id function in Concierge::Sessions::Base defaults to using the uuidgen command to generate a UUID, with a fallback to using Perl's built-in rand function. Neither of these methods are secure, and attackers are able to guess session_ids that can grant them access to systems. Specifically, * There is no warning when uuidgen fails. The software can be quietly using the fallback rand() function with no warnings if the command fails for any reason. * The uuidgen command will generate a time-based UUID if the system does not have a high-quality random number source, because the call does not explicitly specify the --random option. Note that the system time is shared in HTTP responses. * UUIDs are identifiers whose mere possession grants access, as per RFC 9562. * The output of the built-in rand() function is predictable and unsuitable for security applications.

pleaseedit in please before 0.4 uses predictable temporary filenames in /tmp and the target directory. This allows a local attacker to gain full root privileges by staging a symlink attack.

Plack::Middleware::Session::Simple versions before 0.05 for Perl generates session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predictable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems. Plack::Middleware::Session::Simple is intended to be compatible with Plack::Middleware::Session, which had a similar security issue CVE-2025-40923.

HTTP::Session2 versions before 1.12 for Perl for Perl may generate weak session ids using the rand() function. The HTTP::Session2 session id generator returns a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand() function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. HTTP::Session2 after version 1.02 will attempt to use the /dev/urandom device to generate a session id, but if the device is unavailable (for example, under Windows), then it will revert to the insecure method described above.

Authen::SASL::Perl::DIGEST_MD5 versions 2.04 through 2.1800 for Perl generates the cnonce insecurely. The cnonce (client nonce) is generated from an MD5 hash of the PID, the epoch time and the built-in rand function. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. According to RFC 2831, The cnonce-value is an opaque quoted string value provided by the client and used by both client and server to avoid chosen plaintext attacks, and to provide mutual authentication. The security of the implementation depends on a good choice. It is RECOMMENDED that it contain at least 64 bits of entropy.

The YoSmart YoLink API through 2025-10-02 uses an endpoint URL that is derived from a device's MAC address along with an MD5 hash of non-secret information, such as a key that begins with cf50.

Catalyst::Authentication::Credential::HTTP versions 1.018 and earlier for Perl generate nonces using the Perl Data::UUID library. * Data::UUID does not use a strong cryptographic source for generating UUIDs. * Data::UUID returns v3 UUIDs, which are generated from known information and are unsuitable for security, as per RFC 9562. * The nonces should be generated from a strong cryptographic source, as per RFC 7616.

Ado::Sessions versions through 0.935 for Perl generates insecure session ids. The session id is generated from a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems. Note that Ado is no longer maintained, and has been removed from the CPAN index. It is still available on BackPAN.

Mojolicious::Sessions::Storable versions through 0.05 for Perl generate session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the epoch time, the heap address of an anonymous hash, and the PID. These are predictable or low-entropy sources that are unsuitable for security purposes.

Amon2::Plugin::Web::CSRFDefender versions from 7.00 through 7.03 for Perl generate an insecure session id. The generate_session_id function will attempt to read bytes from the /dev/urandom device, but if that is unavailable then it generates bytes using SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand() function, the PID, and the high resolution epoch time. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Amon2::Plugin::Web::CSRFDefender versions before 7.00 were part of Amon2, which was vulnerable to insecure session ids due to CVE-2025-15604. Note that the author has deprecated this module.

Apache::AuthAny::Cookie v0.201 or earlier for Perl generates session ids insecurely. Session ids are generated using an MD5 hash of the epoch time and a call to the built-in rand function. The epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

OpnForm derives editable-submission secrets from sequential row identifiers using Hashids with an empty default salt, allowing unauthenticated attackers to compute hashes for any submission. Attackers can read other respondents' full submission data through the submission-fetch endpoint or overwrite submissions by supplying predicted hashes to the answer endpoint.

FreeScout is a free self-hosted help desk and shared mailbox. Prior to version 1.8.213, attachment download tokens are generated using a weak and predictable formula: `md5(APP_KEY + attachment_id + size)`. Since attachment_id is sequential and size can be brute-forced in a small range, an unauthenticated attacker can forge valid tokens and download any private attachment without credentials. Version 1.8.213 fixes the issue.

Plack-Middleware-Session before version 0.35 for Perl generates session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a SHA-1 hash seeded with the built-in rand function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

ATutor generates predictable email confirmation tokens due to the use of insufficiently random values in the account confirmation functionality. Due to the use of predictable values related to user registration, an attacker who knows or can predict these values can guess valid account activation tokens. This allows an attacker to activate an unconfirmed account without access to the victim's email inbox. Product is no longer actively supported and the vulnerabilities have not been fixed. Only version 2.2.4 was tested and confirmed as vulnerable, other versions were not tested but might also be vulnerable.

Dancer::Session::Abstract versions through 1.3522 for Perl generates session ids insecurely. The session id is generated from summing the character codepoints of the absolute pathname with the process id, the epoch time and calls to the built-in rand() function to return a number between 0 and 999-billion, and concatenating that result three times. The path name might be known or guessed by an attacker, especially for applications known to be written using Dancer with standard installation locations. The epoch time can be guessed by an attacker, and may be leaked in the HTTP header. The process id comes from a small set of numbers, and workers may have sequential process ids. The built-in rand() function is seeded with 32-bits and is considered unsuitable for security applications. Predictable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

Starch versions 0.14 and earlier generate session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a SHA-1 hash seeded with a counter, the epoch time, the built-in rand function, the PID, and internal Perl reference addresses. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

Setracker2 Android Companion App com.tgelec.setracker versions 3.1.5 and prior have a predictable registration ID derived from IMEI. The enrollment system lacks additional authentication before assignment. If an attacker is able to obtain the registration ID, they would be able to arbitrarily enroll watches belonging to other users.

The Advanced Google reCAPTCHA plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to IP unblocking in all versions up to, and including, 1.25. This is due to the plugin not utilizing a strong unique key when generating an unblock request. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to unblock their IP after being locked out due to too many bad password attempts

Solstice::Session versions through 1440 for Perl generates session ids insecurely. The _generateSessionID method returns an MD5 digest seeded by the epoch time, a random hash reference, a call to the built-in rand() function and the process id. The same method is used in the _generateID method in Solstice::Subsession, which is part of the same distribution. The epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked in the HTTP Date header. Stringified hash refences will contain predictable content. The built-in rand() function is seeded by 16-bits and is unsuitable for security purposes. The process id comes from a small set of numbers. Predictable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

Puppet 2.7.x before 2.7.5, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, and 0.25.x, when running in --edit mode, uses a predictable file name, which allows local users to run arbitrary Puppet code or trick a user into editing arbitrary files.

The Goobi viewer is a web application that allows digitised material to be displayed in a web browser. Prior to version 26.05, the password reset token is predictably based on the time of the reset request. An attacker who knows the target's email address can request a reset and then brute-force the token. Exploiting this finding alone forces an unauthorized password reset on any account. This issue has been patched in version 26.05.

WebDyne::Session versions before 3.003_704 for Perl generate the session id insecurely. The session handler generates the session id from an MD5 hash seeded with a call to the built-in rand() function. The rand function is passed a maximum value based on the process id, the epoch time and the reference address of the object, but this information will have no effect on the overall quality of the seed of the message digest. The rand function is seeded by 32-bits and is predictable. It is considered unsuitable for cryptographic purposes. Predictable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems. Note that WebDyne::Session versions 1.042 and earlier appear to be in separate distributions from WebDyne.

Netty is a network application framework for development of protocol servers and clients. Prior to versions 4.1.135.Final and 4.2.15.Final, Netty's DNS resolver uses a predictable PRNG for generating DNS transaction IDs and defaults to a static UDP source port. This combination reduces the entropy of DNS queries, enabling DNS Cache Poisoning (Kaminsky attack). Versions 4.1.135.Final and 4.2.15.Final patch the issue.

SOPlanning is vulnerable to Predictable Generation of Password Recovery Token. Due to weak mechanism of generating recovery tokens, a malicious attacker is able to brute-force all possible values and takeover any account in reasonable amount of time. This issue was fixed in version 1.55.

Bucket Squatting in Google Cloud Run MCP versions prior to 1.11.0 on Google Cloud Platform allows an attacker to intercept and access proprietary source code, execute arbitrary code and exfiltrate data. Users must upgrade to Cloud Run MCP version 1.11.0 or later.

An issue was discovered in cyrus-imapd in Cyrus IMAP through 3.12.2. URLAUTH token forgery can occur via a missing mboxkey. If an attacker knew a folder name on the victim's account for which the victim had never issued an auth URL, they could forge a working URLAUTH token by computing an HMAC-SHA1 value with a predictable key, giving them read access to the mailbox. (URLAUTH is an obscure feature, meaning that the odds of any user actually being susceptible to this attack are very low. Perhaps no public clients use URLAUTH.)

Apache::Session::Generate::ModUniqueId versions from 1.54 through 1.94 for Perl session ids are insecure. Apache::Session::Generate::ModUniqueId (added in version 1.54) uses the value of the UNIQUE_ID environment variable for the session id. The UNIQUE_ID variable is set by the Apache mod_unique_id plugin, which generates unique ids for the request. The id is based on the IPv4 address, the process id, the epoch time, a 16-bit counter and a thread index, with no obfuscation. The server IP is often available to the public, and if not available, can be guessed from previous session ids being issued. The process ids may also be guessed from previous session ids. The timestamp is easily guessed (and leaked in the HTTP Date response header). The purpose of mod_unique_id is to assign a unique id to requests so that events can be correlated in different logs. The id is not designed, nor is it suitable for security purposes.

Catalyst::Plugin::Session before version 0.44 for Perl generates session ids insecurely. The session id is generated from a (usually SHA-1) hash of a simple counter, the epoch time, the built-in rand function, the PID and the current Catalyst context. This information is of low entropy. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

Authen::DigestMD5 versions 0.01 through 0.02 for Perl generate the cnonce insecurely. The cnonce (client nonce) is generated from an MD5 hash of the PID, the epoch time and the built-in rand function. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. According to RFC 2831, "The cnonce-value is an opaque quoted string value provided by the client and used by both client and server to avoid chosen plaintext attacks, and to provide mutual authentication. The security of the implementation depends on a good choice. It is RECOMMENDED that it contain at least 64 bits of entropy."

Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers vulnerability in Erlang/OTP kernel (inet_res, inet_db modules) allows DNS Cache Poisoning. The built-in DNS resolver (inet_res) uses a sequential, process-global 16-bit transaction ID for UDP queries and does not implement source port randomization. Response validation relies almost entirely on this ID, making DNS cache poisoning practical for an attacker who can observe one query or predict the next ID. This conflicts with RFC 5452 recommendations for mitigating forged DNS answers. inet_res is intended for use in trusted network environments and with trusted recursive resolvers. Earlier documentation did not clearly state this deployment assumption, which could lead users to deploy the resolver in environments where spoofed DNS responses are possible. This vulnerability is associated with program files lib/kernel/src/inet_db.erl and lib/kernel/src/inet_res.erl. This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 28.4.2, OTP 27.3.4.10 and OTP 26.2.5.19, corresponding to kernel from 3.0 before 10.6.2, 10.2.7.4 and 9.2.4.11.

Weaknesses in the generation of TCP/UDP source ports and some other header values in Google's gVisor allowed them to be predicted by an external attacker in some circumstances.

Ratpack is a toolkit for creating web applications. In versions prior to 1.9.0, the client side session module uses the application startup time as the signing key by default. This means that if an attacker can determine this time, and if encryption is not also used (which is recommended, but is not on by default), the session data could be tampered with by someone with the ability to write cookies. The default configuration is unsuitable for production use as an application restart renders all sessions invalid and is not multi-host compatible, but its use is not actively prevented. As of Ratpack 1.9.0, the default value is a securely randomly generated value, generated at application startup time. As a workaround, supply an alternative signing key, as per the documentation's recommendation.

The Goobi viewer is a web application that allows digitised material to be displayed in a web browser. Prior to version 26.05, when a password reset link is visited, the application generates a replacement password in a predictable way and emails it to the account holder. The insufficient entropy allows the password to be brute-forced by an attacker who can approximate the server-side generation time. Exploiting this finding in isolation requires the victim to have triggered the reset themselves and the attacker to infer the server time from network or email metadata. This issue has been patched in version 26.05.

The Botslab G980H dash camera firmware generates session identifiers using a small sequential value space rather than a suitably unpredictable source. An unauthenticated attacker with adjacent network access and knowledge that an active session exists could potentially determine a valid session identifier and use it to bypass intended authorization controls.

A missing S3 ownership verification in the Bedrock AgentCore Starter Toolkit before version v0.1.13 may allow a remote actor to inject code during the build process, leading to code execution in the AgentCore Runtime. This issue only affects users of the Bedrock AgentCore Starter Toolkit before version v0.1.13 who build or have built the Toolkit after September 24, 2025. Any users on a version >=v0.1.13, and any users on previous versions who built the toolkit before September 24, 2025 are not affected. To remediate this issue, customers should upgrade to version v0.1.13.

On BIG-IP systems, undisclosed traffic can cause data corruption and unauthorized data modification in protocols which do not have message integrity protection.  Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.

Apache::Session::Generate::SHA256 versions before 1.3.19 for Perl create insecure session ids. Apache::Session::Generate::SHA256 generated session ids insecurely. The default session id generator returns a SHA-256 hash of the built-in rand() function, the epoch time, and the PID, that is hashed again. These are predictable, low-entropy sources. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems. Note that version 1.3.19 has a fallback without warning to use insecure session generation method if the call to Crypt::URandom::urandom fails. However, this is unlikely as Crypt::URandom is a hardcoded requirement of the module. This issue is similar to CVE-2025-40931 for Apache::Session::Generate::MD5.

Jervis is a library for Job DSL plugin scripts and shared Jenkins pipeline libraries. Prior to 2.2, Jervis uses deterministic AES IV derivation from a passphrase. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.2.

Naxclow device identifiers use fixed manufacturing prefixes combined with sequential counters, producing a fully predictable and enumerable identifier space. Because the platform also exposes an endpoint that reveals the current identifier high-water mark, the active fleet can be enumerated.

Apache::SessionX versions through 2.01 for Perl create insecure session id. Apache::SessionX generates session ids insecurely. The default session id generator in Apache::SessionX::Generate::MD5 returns a MD5 hash seeded with the built-in rand() function, the epoch time, and the PID. The PID will come from a small set of numbers, and the epoch time may be guessed, if it is not leaked from the HTTP Date header. The built-in rand function is unsuitable for cryptographic usage. Predicable session ids could allow an attacker to gain access to systems.

A Generation of Predictable Numbers or Identifiers vulnerability in the SDM component of B&R Automation Runtime versions before 6.4 may allow an unauthenticated network-based attacker to take over already established sessions.

The Salt-SSH pre-flight option copies the script to the target at a predictable path, which allows an attacker to force Salt-SSH to run their script. If an attacker has access to the target VM and knows the path to the pre-flight script before it runs they can ensure Salt-SSH runs their script with the privileges of the user running Salt-SSH. Do not make the copy path on the target predictable and ensure we check return codes of the scp command if the copy fails.

When batch jobs are executed by pgAgent, a script is created in a temporary directory and then executed. In versions of pgAgent prior to 4.2.3, an insufficiently seeded random number generator is used when generating the directory name, leading to the possibility for a local attacker to pre-create the directory and thus prevent pgAgent from executing jobs, disrupting scheduled tasks.

The DHCPv4 client in subsys/net/lib/dhcpv4/dhcpv4.c maintained its transaction identifier (iface->config.dhcpv4.xid) as a counter rather than as a per-transaction random value. It was seeded once with sys_rand32_get() in dhcpv4_start_internal(), incremented by one in dhcpv4_send_discover() and dhcpv4_send_decline(), and never changed by dhcpv4_send_request() — so every RENEWING and REBINDING exchange reused, unchanged, the identifier that had already appeared on the wire in the broadcast DHCPDISCOVER at boot, and where the identifier did move it moved predictably by one. RFC 2131 4.1 requires a single identifier per transaction, chosen so that clients are unlikely to collide. This identifier is the client's only unpredictable reply-validation token. net_dhcpv4_input() accepts a BOOTP reply on op, a matching xid, and a matching chaddr (the interface MAC, which is public); the UDP callback is registered with a wildcard remote address and port, and no server-identifier or source-address check is applied. An attacker who learns one identifier — for example any host on the same segment that sees the broadcast DHCPDISCOVER, or a DHCP server or relay on a network the device previously joined — therefore retains a valid token for the device's whole uptime, and can predict the identifiers of later exchanges, without having to observe the unicast renew traffic or race the legitimate server. A forged reply that passes those checks has effect regardless of client state, because dhcpv4_parse_options() applies its side effects before the state machine gate in dhcpv4_handle_reply(): the router option calls net_if_ipv4_set_gw() and the DNS option calls dns_resolve_reconfigure(). A single accepted datagram can thus repoint the device's default gateway and resolvers at attacker-controlled addresses, redirecting its traffic; during RENEWING or REBINDING a forged DHCPACK re-binds the lease with attacker-chosen parameters and a forged DHCPNAK removes the address and restarts configuration. The fix draws a fresh sys_rand32_get() value at each point where a transaction begins — entering SELECTING, RENEWING and REBINDING, and at the INIT/INIT-REBOOT entry taken when an interface with a lease goes down — while REQUESTING and DECLINE keep the identifier of the exchange they belong to, as RFC 2131 requires. As a side effect the client also no longer discards a slow server's offer after retransmitting a discover, and the initial-discover backoff now draws its own randomness instead of deriving it from the identifier.

IBM Concert 1.0.0 through 2.2.0 creates temporary files with predictable names, which allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack.